Table of Contents
PART ONE
OLD ROOTS
PART
TWO
DERACINATION
PART THREE
TRANSPLANTATION
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By: Jacob Auerbach
Copyright @ 1992- Jacob Auerbach, Long Beach, N.Y.
PART ONE
OLD ROOTS
P. 8 - 16
CHAPTER ONE MARCH OF
TIME
1.
Origins
When
at the age of four weeks, in the summer of 1903, 1 was being carried by my mother through
the market place for the first time (of course I was carried-- who ever heard of baby
carriages?), she was accosted by Feivl Zelde's, the town buffoon.
"Mazel Tov, Esther Liebe, Mazel Tov to you! Nu, let's
see
what Shleime
produced? !"
Though
taken aback by the coarse expression, mother unfolded the blanket in which I was wrapped
and, with a bashful smile, presented her first-born. Feivl took one look, spat three
times, and yelled out at the top of his lungs:
Oy, what an ugly creature! Everybody come and look!
Tfu, tfu, tfu!"
Mother, in telling this, never failed to add:
"Of course, Yankele always was a beautiful child, but
what could one expect from that paskudniak , good-for-nothing Feivl? ! "
I have heard this story
repeated so many times that I can visualize it in every detail. Here is the buxom young
woman, herself only nineteen years old, in a print cotton dress buttoned up to the neck
and reaching down to her ankles, picking her way gingerly over the cobblestones of the
wide square, full of concern for the precious little bundle cuddled in her arms, returning
after an absence of several weeks to the store which her husband had been tending by
himself all this time, and inwardly relishing his expression of pleasure at seeing her and
the baby. And here is this rowdy with his mean jokes, trying to embarrass her in front of
all these people who joined in the merriment. No wonder the incident figured so often in
her reminiscences about my childhood.
I imagine that my
mother must have been accompanied on that occasion by her mother-in-law, my grandmother
Freide Leie--I cannot conceive that this dainty little woman, always impeccably dressed in
black satin, with her mania of over protectiveness for her offspring, would have permitted
her first grandchild to be carried through the streets without her supervision. I am also
convinced that Feivl must have received a good talking-to for his impudence.
This
then was my public introduction to the little town which, tucked in between the dense pine
forests on the edge of the vast Pripet marshes, seemed to me as I was growing up to have
been cut off from the rest of the world. The life of its inhabitants seemed to flow in an
unvarying pattern, established a long time ago and passed on from one generation to the
next. The Russians called it Shereshevo, to the Poles it was Szereszow, and to the Jews
Shershev. It was a typical small town in the so-called Pale of Settlement of Tsarist
Russia, celebrated in literature and legend under the Yiddish name shtetl.
The region in which the
town is located has been fought over for centuries by the nations surrounding it. Up to
the end of the thirteenth century there was no established suzerainty over the land. The
Mongol Kipchak Empire which dominated Eastern Europe for three hundred years, and whose
hordes overran the area in its westward sweep, exercised only sporadic control over the
primitive Slavic tribes who were scattered in the forests or tilled the poor soil, mostly
as serfs of Polish or Lithuanian landowners. After the Mongol tide receded to the East the
territory came alternately under the sway of the kings of Poland or Lithuania, whose
tenuous authority was periodically put to test by roving bands of Ukrainian Cossacks from
the shores of the Dnieper. These ware fierce brigands, free from allegiance to anyone or
anything other than their own unbridled nature, whose raids left death and destruction in
their path. They professed the Greek Orthodox faith, and vented their wrath on Jews and
Catholic Poles. The most devastating raid occurred in 1648 under the hetman Bogdan
Khmelnitsky, when hundreds of towns and villages ware put to the torch and their
population massacred. More than one million people perished in that year, six hundred
thousand of them Jews. Khmelnitsky served as the prototype for Taras Bulba, the hero of
Gogol's novel by that name, in which the life and mores of these Cossacks are vividly
portrayed. They later became allied with their coreligionists, the rulers of Muscovy, and
the Ukraine eventually was absorbed into the Russian Empire.
With the increased
power of the Tsars both Lithuania and Poland lost their independence and came under
Tsarist rule, with parts of Poland having been annexed to Austria and Prussia during the
partitions of 1772, 1793 and 1795. Our area remained part of Russia uninterruptedly until
1915, when it was occupied by the Germans during the First World War. Even though I was
just about entering into my teens at that time, my prior schooling and reading had left me
with a predilection for Russian culture, which permeated and intermixed with the Jewish
ethos absorbed in the bosom of my family and the atmosphere of the shtetl.
2. Vestiges
Each of the
dominant powers left its mark on the native population. While the majority professed the
Orthodox faith, there was a sizable segment of Catholics and a small number of
Protestants, reflecting respectively the Russian, Polish and Lithuanian influence.
Intermarriage between these races and miscegenation during the Mongol occupation was
evident in the physical traits of the people--fair and dark complexions; blue, gray and
brown eyes; Caucasian and Mongoloid facial features. The expression "Scratch a
Russian and you will find a Tartar" is not just an empty phrase. There were even some
small colonies of Germans and wandering bands of Gypsies in the area. All this had a
marked effect on the language of the local population, especially the peasantry. Through
a bizarre mixture of words and phrases from Russian, Polish, Ukrainian and other tongues
they evolved a unique dialect of their own, dubbed "Goyish" by Jews for want of
a better term. Even the Mongols, who disappeared from the area five hundred years earlier,
left some vestiges of their speech, as in these counting-out rhymes still current at the
time of my childhood:
Aing'ee, baing'ee, goopee, daing'ee;
Akhchi, bakhchi, gammi, dakhchi;
Beyek, beyek, izbadan;
Sigany, sigany, kutbaian;
Kuty, pekuty, kutbalasty;
Yashi, bashi, bubikhan.
While
the opening syllables of the first rhyme are obviously based on the first letters of the
Hebrew alphabet (aleph, beth, gimel), there is no mistaking the Mongolian or Tartar
flavor of the other sounds. The first rhyme, incidentally, was a curious mixture of
seemingly meaningless words, superstition, and revolutionary content. The two given lines
were continued in Yiddish rhymes, which translate as follows:
On the roof a red rooster stands,
Flaps his wings, in loud voice portends,
Not one, not two, not three, not four, Not five,not six, not seven, not eight not nine,
No man in vassalage should bend his spine.
"Red rooster"
was a well-known euphemism for the flames shooting up from the landowners' manors set
afire by peasants during uprisings. As for the negative count out, it was a stratagem for
warding off an evil eye and for confusing Satan, the Evil One., since he might become
unduly interested on hearing of so many children. A similar remedy was in the word
"Kinanoreh", a contraction meaning "Let no evil eye see it" used by
rote whenever a favorable circumstance was mentioned : "They are, kinanoreh, in good
health; they have three children, kinanoreh;" etcetera.
Educated
persons spoke Russian or Polish, but even they interspersed their speech with catchwords
and expressions from each other and from "Goyish". Words from all three idioms
were also absorbed into and became part of the Yiddish language.
3.
Rise and Decline
Jews have been living
in Shershev and in neighboring towns at least since the early 1400s, and were already of
sufficient importance in 1433 to be mentioned by a local notable in a report to the
Polish-Lithuanian king Jagiello. By the middle of the nineteenth century they constituted
a majority of the town's 10,000 population. It was a thriving community then, containing
some small textile factories, flour mills, a tannery, and a brewery. An outstanding
industry was the production of wooden shingles for roofing, which were sold to other
communities in the region where the forests did not have the straight-grained and
knot-free pines, perfect for shingles, which grew in abundance in our vicinity. All these
industries were operated by the wealthier Jews and provided employment for many workers,
Jews and gentiles. A lively trade in grain and livestock was carried on by itinerant
merchants with the peasants of the villages scattered in the area. The large number of
storekeepers and independent artisans also shared in the well-being of the community.
This rather prosperous period received a jolt in the 1880s
which set off the decline in the town's good fortune. Up to that time all roads in the
area connecting the small towns and villages were nothing but rutted wagon trails which
turned to mud after a good downpour. They were practically impassable during the fall
rainy season and the spring thaw. It was not uncommon for travelers, driver and passengers
alike, to have to dismount and even help by pushing the heavy wagon whenever the usually
scraggy horse, despite the generous use of the whip and shouted imprecations of the
driver, was unable to pull the wagon out of the mire. As long as this condition
prevailed in the entire area no town had an advantage in this respect. About 1880 the
government began building a crushed-stone highway through the region, primarily for
military purposes, using its multitude of recruits as a workforce. This highway or
chaussee, was originally projected to go through Shershev, but bypassed it in favor of
another town twelve miles away, allegedly because the army surveyors were bribed to change
the original plans. The resulting diversion of traffic from our town brought about a
gradual transfer of most of its industry and commerce to other localities, with the
consequent impoverishment of its residents, many of whom moved elsewhere in the province
or emigrated to seek their fortune in other countries, primarily in America. By the time
of my childhood in the first decade of this century the textile factories, brewery and
tannery were gone. Two of the three tall windmills just outside of town, with their
immense slatted vanes, were not working, and even the third one was idle most of the time.
The two unused ones became a favorite target for youngsters exercising their skill in
stone throwing or vying with each other in climbing up the vanes, leaving many broken
slats in the process. The wind, powerless to rotate the blocked creaking vanes, howled
through the openings between the slats and contributed to the destruction. The shingle
industry was reduced to provide only for local consumption. The big merchants
disappeared and only small storekeepers and artisans remained to eke out a living. The
town's population dwindled to 5,000--one half of its former number.
From about 1725 to the
late 1800s, for over a hundred and fifty years, Shershev was noted as the seat of several
learned rabbis, whose renown spread far and wide through the land. Some of them published
commentaries on the Talmud and carried on a correspondence with rabbis in other
communities who sought their opinion on abstruse points of Jewish law and its application.
This succession of great rabbis coincided with the period of the town's prosperity, and
must have contributed to its development. But men of fame and distinction are all too
often lured away by prosperous communities and institutions from poorer ones, and so it
was that with the decline of our town's fortune came also the loss of its preeminence as a
seat of rabbinical learning.
The fame of its rabbis did not save Shershev from
acquiring in earlier times the dubious reputation of harboring a den of smugglers. The
smuggling was not of merchandise, but of men. During certain periods of the last century
conscripts were required to serve in the Russian army for as long as twenty-five years,
which for a Jew meant the end of his identity. Even after the term was reduced, the known
brutalization of barrack life, anti-Semitic discrimination and abuse, and the
impossibility of following religious precepts in the army led to efforts to avoid
conscription by all means. It became a common practice for young men to starve themselves
for months before they were due for medical examination, in the hope of being rejected
because of their emaciated condition. Many went so far as to maim themselves by cutting
off the right index (trigger) finger, by inducing lameness, or by ruining the sight of an
eye. There was of course also bribery of the examining military doctor and other members
of the recruiting commission. However, the surest escape was to go abroad, but men of
military age were not given passports for foreign travel. That is where the smugglers came
in.
These men had a
widespread network throughout Russia's western provinces, their connections running from
officials who issued passports in false names or with incorrect ages, to border guards who
could be relied upon not to be too inquisitive, to guides who knew the pathways and river
fords along the border through which one could get across undetected. They worked in
league with confreres on the other side, in Austria and Germany, who had similar
connections in their countries. The dense forests and swamps around Shershev facilitated
the activities of the adventurous spirits in town who engaged in this dangerous business.
In addition to reluctant recruits, people sought by the police for revolutionary actions
were also spirited out of the country in this way. This activity persisted through the
first decade of this century, and was stopped only by the outbreak of the First World War.
One person involved in
this underground traffic was a distant relative of ours from a neighboring town, Kamenets.
I learned this from overheard whispered remarks about his being an "agent." Late
one evening in 1910 he suddenly appeared at our house in a state of frenzy. He had been
tipped off by no less than the Kamenets Pristav (Chief of Police) himself, with whom he
had been doing "business," that he had been denounced by one of his own
collaborators and that an order for his arrest was imminent. The fugitive asked to be
hidden for a few days until his associates could get him across the border.
To let the man stay at
our house was out of the question--a stranger was a novelty in the shtetl and word would
soon get around. We had at that time a half-interest in a cow, the other half belonging to
my grandmother's brother. Since neither partner had a barn, the cow was housed in a small
shed rented from a gentile. So into the shed the terrified man want, and spent two days
and two nights with the cow, until a "friend" took him away in the middle of the
third night.
I met this relative in the United States many years later
and was quite disappointed. Instead of a romantic adventurer I found a very ordinary New
York neighborhood Jewish grocer. |
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